有關書面表達中組詞成句的原則與訓練

三、內容明晰

句子不論長短，不論結構簡單還是複雜，內容都必須明晰。影響句子清晰度的因素主要有：

1、用詞不當

遣詞用字必須準確，否則很可能會造成歧義。例：

模糊：We Chinese workers all enjoy public medical care.

清楚：We Chinese workers all enjoy free medical care.

漢語中的“公費醫療”不能用public medical care來表示，因為public意為“公有的、公共的”，這裏所説的“公費醫療”實質上就是“免費醫療”。

2、代詞指代不明

代詞必須有所指，而且要指代清楚。請看下面的例子：

模糊：When we got to the factory, they all went out to give us a warm welcome.

清楚：When we got to the factory, the workers all went out to give us a warm welcome.

在口語中，代詞you, they, it等常用來含糊地指代人和事，但在書面表達中，指代需要更確切一些。

模糊：Mrs Brown told Mrs White that her son was playing in her garden.

清楚：Mrs Brown told Mrs White, “Your son was playing in my garden.”

3、修飾語錯置

原則上，修飾性詞語應儘量貼近所修飾的詞，否則就可能會造成含義不清或句意改變的`情況。例：

模糊：I sat watching the boys playing football by the window.

清楚：I sat by the window watching the boys playing football.

“在窗子旁”不可能是孩子們踢球的地方。

模糊：He sent a radio to the shop that was out of order.

清楚：He sent a radio that was out of order to the shop.

“出毛病”的是收音機，而不是商店。

4、懸垂成分

懸垂成分是指與句子中任何詞都沒有明顯關係的短語或分句。例：

To keep healthy , much exercise is important.

To keep healthy 的邏輯主語必須是人，故原句可改為To keep healthy , one should take much exercise.

5、主次不分

不同的思想放在不同的結構中，可以表示出它們相對的重要性。一般説來，重要的內容放在主句中表達，次要的內容放在從句或修飾語中表達；同等重要的內容則放在相同的結構中表達。主次不分，內容就會混亂。例：

模糊：When he suddenly picked up a stone and threw it at me, I was talking to him.

清楚：While I was talking to him, he suddenly picked up a stone and threw it at me.

原句中要重點説明的顯然是“他突然撿起石塊扔向我”，而不是“我在和他談話”，故前者應放在主句中來表達。“撿起石塊”與“扔向我”是兩個連續發生的動作，應該説兩者是同等重要的，故將它們放在了並列結構當中。

練習：改寫下列句子，使句意清楚。

1. At the age of nine, Aqiao’s mother died.

2. The man felt worse when he was taken good care of in the hospital.

3. I tried to help him, but he refused（拒絕）it.

4. He saw an old woman get on the bus, quickly standing up to offer her his seat.

5. We saw several parrots driving along the road.

參考答案：

1.改為When Aquiao was nine, her mother died.狀語at the age of nine的邏輯主語按語法規則應為句子的主語Aqiao’s mother，而這顯然是不合乎邏輯的。

2.改為The man felt worse though(even though) he was taken good care of in the hospital.如果錯用連詞也會使句意含混不清。

3.改為I offered him my help, but he refused it.原句中的it沒有東西可以指代，在改後的句子中it指代my help。

4.改為Seeing an old woman get on the bus, he quickly stood up to offer her his seat.句子要表達的中心應該是“站起來讓座”，“看到老婦人上車”只是起身讓座的原因或時間。

5.改為Driving along the road, we saw several parrots.句中driving along the road不是賓語補足語，而是修飾動詞saw的時間狀語，將其前置，使其貼近謂語動詞saw，便可消除歧義。