英語論文開題報告

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英語論文開題報告1

Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies

1 Introduction

The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

Since early 20th century，translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on，schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies（DTS）。

DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore，translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison，and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation，description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice，from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies，brainstorming and the revision，to the final product making appearance in the target community.

The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data，some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function，process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

In this regard，my observations are limited to several aspects，I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.

2 Outline

2.1 Development and major concepts of DTS

In this part I will describe Holms’ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function，process and product. I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation，multiple translation，translationese，norm etc.

2.2 Methodolgy

2.3 DTS in contrast to other theories

A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria. Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.

2.4 Case study

In this part，translation of The Dream of Red Mansions（also translated as The Story of The Stone）will be under investigation in light of DTS. Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.

2.5 Conclusion

based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study，possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation. Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.

（Note：While the topic will remain the same，the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.）

英語論文開題報告2

一、選題來源、目的和意義：

本選題重在研究中西文化之間的差異以及這些差異對商務談判的影響，最後得出商務談判應該採用的策略。

隨著我國加入WTO，國際貿易和對外交往將日益頻繁，國家與國家之間、企業與企業之間、個人與個人之間，由於存在經濟利益的協調，無時無處不需要談判。出口商和進口商要消除分歧，達成一項公平的相互之間滿意的交易，大多是通過商務談判才能做到的。因此與外界交往合作的主要方式 —— 跨文化商務談判在社會、政治、經濟生活中的地位越來越重要。因此，和外商談判打交道的時候，不要忽略一些看似微不足道的細節，那些都有可能是成敗的關鍵。只有正確探悉、學習和熟悉不同國家的文化差異，意識到他們的重要性，才能更好地探討商務談判的策略，為最後談判的成功奠定基礎和提供理論依據。

二、課題的主要內容(專案概要)：

1.談判與文化的'綜述

2.文化差異因素對國際商務談判的影響

2.1 語言和非語言差異的影響

2.2 思維方式差異的影響

2.3 價值觀念差異的影響

3.應對商務談判文化差異問題的對策

3.1 樹立跨文化的談判意識

3.2 談判前做好充足的準備

3.3 懂得談判對方的語言

3.4 對待文化問題應持有的態度

4.結尾

三、實施計劃(設計工作的主要階段、進度和完成時間等)：

11月11日 畢業論文動員大會

11月12日-12月1日 下達任務書

12月 2日-12月31日 確定論文題目

1月1日—1月31日 進行文獻資料的收集、篩選、做讀書筆記。

2月1日—2月28日 完成論文詳細提綱，交指導老師修改，補充。

3月1日—3月30日 進行畢業論文初稿寫作。

4月1日—5月19日 畢業論文修改。

5月20日—6月5日 畢業論文定稿、裝訂、答辯。

四、參考文獻：

<1>李信，《中西方文化比較概論》，航空工業出版社，20xx.6

<2>李鬱、張泳，淺談國際商務談判中的跨文化問題及對策[J]，商業研究，20xx.7

<3>廖瑛，《外貿談判英語》，對外經濟貿易大學出版社，20xx.2

<4>肖雲南，《國際商務談判》，清華大學和北方交通大學出版社，20xx.5

<5>楊晶，《商務談判》，清華大學出版社，20xx.1

<6>姚立，《商務談判—理論、實務、風格》，中國城市出版社，20xx.3

<7>袁其剛，《國際商務談判》，山東人民出版社，20xx.2

英語論文開題報告3

Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies

1 Introduction

The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).

DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.

英語論文開題報告4

Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies

1 Introduction

The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).

DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.

英語論文開題報告5

function and application of descriptive translation studies

1 introduction

the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).

dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.

2 outline

2.1 development and major concepts of dts

in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.

2.2 methodolgy

i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.

2.3 dts in contrast to other theories

a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria. some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.

2.4 case study

in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be under investigation in light of dts. translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.

2.5 conclusion

based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation. suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.

英語論文開題報告6

一、論文題目：classroom interaction and oral english teaching

二、研究現狀：

三、研究的目的及意義：

通過對目前已經發展起來並比較成熟的幾種互動模式的歸納來看：關於人際互動這種互動模式在目前的互動性研究中被單獨研究還比較少，沒有被當作一種獨立的.模式應用到英語口語課堂教學中，它更多的是被貫穿到其他幾種互動模式當中。因此，本論題認為它還有進一步研究的空間。

四、研究的理論依據和研究方法：

本論題將以教育心理學的理論為基礎，以互動理論和構建主義理論為依據，運用歸納總結的方法對已有的研究進行巨集觀上的概述，從而引出本文論題，通過例證分析、驗證人際互動模式對課堂英語口語教學效果的提高所具有的重要意義。

英語論文開題報告7

摘要

中國一向是禮儀之邦，禮儀對每個中國人來說是非常重要的，無論是會見親朋好友或者是在人與人的打交道上，都離不開禮儀。禮儀被認為是一個人道德修養的表現，一個人若毫無禮儀可言，那麼他在學習或工作時都將不會很順利，因為沒有人願意和這樣一個人相處。 由於社交禮儀在我們的生活中扮演了越來越重要的角色，我在選課的時候就選修了社交禮儀這門課程。通過這一個學期的學習，我從老師那裡學到了許多有關社交禮儀方面的知識，不僅拓寬了知識面，而且許多東西在我的日常生活和以後的工作中都有很大用處，比如商務禮儀。

如今隨著世界經濟的發展，特別是全球經濟一體化的不斷形成，各國間的聯絡加強，商務往來增多，如何才能在眾多企業中脫穎而出，除了需要卓越的能力外，還要掌握有效溝通及妥善人際關係，建立良好優雅的企業形象，此時，商務禮儀便起到了一個十分重要的作用。商務禮儀顧名思義就是商務活動中對人的儀容儀表和言談舉止的普遍要求，體現了人與人之間的相互尊重，同時也約束了商務活動中的某些方面。而在商務往來中，任何一個表現都可能會導致意想不到的結果，也許是一塊手錶，也許是一頓晚餐。

學習了商務禮儀之後更加讓我意識到了這一點。學習商務禮儀最主要的是可以提高個人的素養。比爾蓋茨曾講過，企業競爭，是員工素質的競爭，進而到企業，就是企業形象的競爭，教養體現細節，細節展示素質，可見一個人的素養高低對企業的發展是多麼重要啊！其次是為了交際應酬，因為商務活動中畢竟是離不開這個的，在不同的交往活動中我們會遇到不同的人，而面對不同的人怎樣進行交往也是一門藝術，如何讓人感到舒服，卻又沒有拍馬屁的嫌疑是非常關鍵的。最後便是有助於維護企業形象。在商務交往中，個人便代表了整體，個人的所作所為，一舉一動，一言一行，就是企業的典型活體廣告。

下面將從以下幾點來對我所學習的知識進行總結：

一、禮儀概述

1交際與禮儀產生的歷史背景

人類最早的禮儀活動也就是禮儀萌芽時期，可以追朔到原始社會， 當時的禮儀較為簡單和虔誠且不具備階級性，禮儀的內容包括；制定了明確血緣關係的婚嫁禮儀；區別部族內部尊卑等級的禮制；為祭天敬神的制定的一些祭奠儀式；制定一些人們在相互交往時表示禮節表示恭敬的動作。

禮儀形成的具體時期則是；夏、商、西周（公元前21世紀公元前771年）人類逐步進入奴隸社會，階級開始形成，統治階級為了鞏固自己的統治地位把原始宗教禮儀發展成為符合奴隸社會政治需要的禮制。在這個階段中國第一次形成了比較完整的國家禮儀與制度，隨著生產力的發展，商業逐步開始出現，直到春秋戰國時期，禮儀制度開始變革，禮儀範圍擴大，商業在社會中逐步被認可，人們因為商務活動而進行的往來也逐步增多，並在商務活動中的交際中另外形成了一套禮儀制度商務禮儀。

到歐洲中世紀，工業革命的出現 使得生產力空前的發展，歐洲各國開始逐步入資本主義，商業佔據了社會經濟的.主導地位，資本家大量聚集了社會財富，新貴由此族誕生，資本家之間的商務往來與交際範圍開始擴大，貴族之間定期的聚會則成為了重要的交際方式之一，在交際中所產生的禮儀日漸完善，由此，商務禮儀也正式形成。部分內容沿用至今。 2禮儀的含義及種類

禮儀是規範自己、尊重他人的一種行為規範，是表現對他人尊重和理解的過程和手段。。禮儀中的禮字指的是尊重，尊重自己，尊重他人，而禮儀中的儀就是儀式，是一種尊重自己，尊重他人的表現形式。它是人際交往中必不可少的一種手過程，是塑造形像的手段，是人們生

活和社會交往中逐漸形成的行為規範和禮儀規範。

禮儀的種類分有多種，主要有以下大類：

1.古代禮儀。中國自古以來就是禮儀之邦，禮儀文明作為中國傳統文化的一個重要組成部分，對中國社會歷史發展起了廣泛深遠的影響，其內容是十分豐富的，很多古代禮儀文化到今天仍然有積極、普片意義的文明禮儀，如：尊老敬賢，儀尚適宜，禮貌待人，容儀有整。尊老敬賢，我國自原始社會就已經逐漸形成的禮儀，在古代社會，人際的政治倫理關係均以氏族、家庭的血緣關係為紐帶，故此在家庭裡面遵從祖上，在社會尊敬長輩，是古代禮儀的典型例子。而由於中國古代社會推崇禮治和仁政，敬賢已經成為一種歷史的要求。孟子說：養老尊賢，俊傑在位，則有慶古代這種傳統禮儀，對於形成有序和諧的倫理關係，不管過去和現代，都起著重要作用。儀尚適宜，，是指一些中國傳統節日的各種特定的禮俗和規定。每個諸如春節，元宵，中秋都有其各自的禮俗和講究。在今天我們依然保持著這些優良傳統，並且貴在適宜，如《二程集》中所說奢自文生，文過則奢，不足為儉，可見，儀式的規模在於得當，避免奢侈浪費。禮貌待人，是任何一個文明社會，任何一個文明民族都十分重視的。因為禮貌是人類社會構建起與他人和睦相處的橋樑，它標誌這一個社會的文明程式，是中華民族文化的優良傳統。容儀有整，是其修養、文明程度的表現。古人認為，容儀有整不僅是能夠保持個人的尊嚴，還有助於進德修業。它反映出一個人的修養和生活態度。

2.禮儀的第二大類是社交禮儀。社交禮儀，顧名思義，就是指現代人際交往中流行的各種禮儀，如服務禮儀，商務禮儀，學校禮儀，職場工作禮儀等，它概括了在現代社交場合中各種禮儀行為。社交禮儀是指人們在人際交往過程中所具備的基本素質，交際能力等。社交在當今社會人際交往中發揮的作用愈顯重要。通過社交，人們可以溝通心靈，建立深厚友誼，取得支援與幫助；通過社交，人們可以互通訊息，共享資源，對取得事業成功大有獲益。社交禮儀是指在人際交往和國際交往活動中，用於表示尊重、親善和友好的首選行為規範和慣用形式。這一定義包含了以下幾層意思：第一，社交禮儀是一種道德行為規範。規範就是規矩、章法、條條框框，也就是說社交禮儀是對人的行為進行約束的條條框框，告訴你要怎麼做，不要怎麼做。如你到老師辦公室辦事，進門前要先敲門，若不敲門就直接闖進去是失禮的。社交禮儀比起法律、紀律，其約束力要弱得多，違反社交禮儀規範，只能讓別人產生厭惡[2]，別人不能對你進行制裁，為此，社交禮儀的約束要靠道德修養的自律。 第二，社交禮儀的直接目的是表示對他人的尊重。尊重是社交禮儀的本質。人都有被尊重的高階精神需要，當在社會交往活動過程中，按照社交禮儀的要求去做，就會使人獲得尊重的滿足，從而獲得愉悅，由此達到人與人之間關係的和諧。 第三，社交禮儀的根本目的是為了維護社會正常的生活秩序。沒有它，社會正常的生活秩序就會遭到破壞，在這方面，它和法律、紀律共同起作用，也正是因為這一目的，無論是資本主義社會還是社會主義社會都非常重視社交禮儀規範建設。 第四，社交禮儀要求在人際交往、社會交往活動中遵守。這是它的範圍，超出這個範圍，社交禮儀規範就不一定適用了

二、禮儀對未來職業生涯的影響分析

商務禮儀能展示企業的文明程度、管理風格和道德水準，塑造企業形象。良好的企業形象是企業的無形資產，無疑可以為企業帶來直接的經濟效益。一個人講究禮儀，就會在眾人面前樹立良好的個人形象；一個組織的成員講究禮儀，就會為自己的組織樹立良好的形象，贏得公眾的讚譽。現代市場競爭除了產品競爭外，更體現在形象競爭。一個良好信譽和形象的公司或企業，就容易獲得社會各方的信任和支援，就可在激烈的市場競爭中處於不敗之地。